Helpful Information

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD)

Click here to listen to:  The Huberman Lab’s “The Effects of Cannabis on the Brain & Body”

This is quite long, but has some very important information about mental health at around 2 hours, 18 minutes in.

NY Times:  “As America’s Marijuana Use Grows, So Do the Harms”

Associated Press:  “Daily marijuana use outpaces daily drinking in the US, a new study says”

Click here to find:  Marijuana Anonymous meetings

Click here to find:  Mar-Anon meetings (for family members) for friends and families whose lives are affected by a loved one’s marijuana use.

Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal

Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Budney AJ, Le Foll B, Hall WD. Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. Addiction. 2022 Jul;117(7):2075-2095. doi: 10.1111/add.15743. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 34791767; PMCID: PMC9110555.

If cannabis becomes a problem: How to manage withdrawal from Harvard Health Publishing

Cannabis: Discovering its effects on the body and brain
NOVA Now

Learn about “Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome”
National Institutes of Health/US National Library of Medicine

Marijuana consumers are more likely to abuse harder drugs.

Marijuana has been shown to lower pain threshold.

FDA & Marijuana:  Questions & Answers
U.S. Food & Drug Administration

Dr. Nora Volkow Discusses Marijuana’s Effects on the Brain, Body & Behavior
NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

  • More from NIDA:

The Black Market in States with Legalized Marijuana

  • Narcotics officers in Colorado have been busy responding to the 50% increase in illegal grow operations across rural areas in the state (Stewart, 2017).
  • In 2016 alone, Colorado law enforcement confiscated 7,116 pounds of marijuana, carried out 252 felony arrests, and made 346 highway interdictions of marijuana headed to 36 different U.S. states (RMHIDTA, 2017).
  • The U.S. mail system has also been affected by the black market, seeing an 844% increase in marijuana seizures (RMHIDTA, 2017).
  • A leaked police report in Oregon revealed that at least 70% of marijuana sales in 2016 were on the black market and around three to five times the amount of marijuana consumed in Oregon leaves the state for illegal sales (Hughes, 2017; Associated Press, 2017, August 14; OSPDES, 2017).
  • The U.S. Attorney in Oregon reported in 2018 that “Oregon has a massive marijuana overproduction problem,” with 2,644 pounds of marijuana in outbound postal parcels and over $1.2 million in cash seized in 2017 alone (Williams, 2018).

“Legal Marijuana Coming into Focus” – Colorado Health Institute

Updated: April 11, 2017

National Institute on Drug Abuse:  Is marijuana addictive?

Mental Health Consequences:  Does Cannabis Cause, Exacerbate or Ameliorate Psychiatric Disorders? An Oversimplified Debate Discussed

Lessons Learned from Marijuana Legalization in Four U.S. States and D.C.

Learn about:  Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Cannabis Industry is Targeting Youth

Forbes:  How Tobacco Giant Altria Is Becoming A Cannabis Company.  >>Learn more.

Silver LD, Naprawa AZ, Padon AA. Assessment of Incorporation of Lessons From Tobacco Control in City and County Laws Regulating Legal Marijuana in California. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e208393. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8393  >>Learn more.

Jennifer M. Whitehill, Pamela J. Trangenstein, Marina C. Jenkins, David H. Jernigan, Megan A. Moreno, Exposure to Cannabis Marketing in Social and Traditional Media and Past-Year Use Among Adolescents in States With Legal Retail Cannabis, Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 66, Issue 2, 2020, Pages 247-254, ISSN 1054-139X.  >>Learn more.

Pamela J. Trangenstein, Jennifer M. Whitehill, Marina C. Jenkins, David H. Jernigan, Megan A. Moreno, Active cannabis marketing and adolescent past-year cannabis use, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Volume 204, 2019, 107548, ISSN 0376-8716.  >>Learn more.

Cannabis Use & Mental Health

Chan GCK, Becker D, Butterworth P, Hines L, Coffey C, Hall W, Patton G. Young-adult compared to adolescent onset of regular cannabis use: A 20-year prospective cohort study of later consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021 Jan 26. doi: 10.1111/dar.13239. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33497516. >>Learn more.

Chan GCK, Becker D, Butterworth P, Hines L, Coffey C, Hall W, Patton G. Young-adult compared to adolescent onset of regular cannabis use: A 20-year prospective cohort study of later consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021 Jan 26. doi: 10.1111/dar.13239. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33497516. >>Learn more.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); Office of the Surgeon General (US). Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health [Internet]. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2016 Nov. CHAPTER 2, THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION. >>Learn more.

Hammond, C. J., Chaney, A., Hendrickson, B., & Sharma, P. (2020). Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: A review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates. International Review of Psychiatry, 3, 221-234.  >>Learn more.

Marta Di Forti, Diego Quattrone, Tom P Freeman, Giada Tripoli, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Harriet Quigley, and others. The Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 6, No. 5, p427–436. Published: March 19, 2019  >>Learn more.

Hines LA, Freeman TP, Gage SH, et al. Association of High-Potency Cannabis Use With Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(10):1044–1051. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035  >>Learn more.

Gobbi G, Atkin T, Zytynski T, et al. Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(4):426–434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500 >>Learn more.

Concentrates & the New Cannabis

Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Al-Zouabi, Stogner, Miller, Lane. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2018; 9: 91–101. Published online 2018 Nov 2. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S135252 PMCID: PMC6220730 PMID: 30464676 >>Learn more.

NIDA. 2024. Marijuana DrugFacts. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana on 2021, March 26. >>Learn more.

Cannabis, a complex plant:
different compounds and different effects on individuals. Zerrin Atakan, MD. DOI: 10.1177/2045125312457586 >>Learn more.

U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory: Marijuana Use and the Developing Brain  >>Learn more.

Addiction. Smart, Caulkins, Kilmer, Davenport, and Midgette. 2017 December ; 112(12): 2167–2177. doi:10.1111/add.13886.  >>Learn more.

The Problem with the Current High Potency THC Marijuana from the Perspective of an Addiction Psychiatrist. Elizabeth Stuyt, MD. Mo Med. 2018 Nov-Dec; 115(6): 482–486. PMCID: PMC6312155
PMID: 30643324  >>Learn more.

Alternatives to THC for Feeling Stressed, Anxious or Depressed

Depression and anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms. >>Learn more.

Henning Boecker, Till Sprenger, Mary E. Spilker, Gjermund Henriksen, Marcus Koppenhoefer, Klaus J. Wagner, Michael Valet, Achim Berthele, Thomas R. Tolle, The Runner’s High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 18, Issue 11, November 2008, Pages 2523–2531. >>Learn more.

Stanford researchers find mental health prescription: Nature. Study finds that walking in nature yields measurable mental benefits and may reduce risk of depression.  >>Learn more.

How to use meditation for teen stress and anxiety.  >>Learn more.

Perceptions of Use

Roditis, M. L., Delucchi, K., Chang, A., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (2016). Perceptions of social norms and exposure to pro-marijuana messages are associated with adolescent marijuana use. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 93, 171-176.  >>Learn more.

Monitoring the Future National Survey – Interactive Data Sets  >>Learn more.

Pennsylvania Youth Survey (PAYS), Montgomery County 2023 >>Learn more.

Cannabis as an Addictive Substance

Winters KC, Lee C-YS. Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: association with recent use and age. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;92(1-3):239-247. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005. >>Learn more.

Hasin DS, Saha TD, Kerridge BT, et al. Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorders in the United States Between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(12):1235-1242. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858. >>Learn more.

Chan GCK, Becker D, Butterworth P, Hines L, Coffey C, Hall W, Patton G. Young-adult compared to adolescent onset of regular cannabis use: A 20-year prospective cohort study of later consequences. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021 Jan 26. doi: 10.1111/dar.13239. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33497516. >>Learn more.

Volkow ND, Han B, Einstein EB, Compton WM. Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders by Time Since First Substance Use Among Young People in the US. JAMA Pediatr. Published online March 29, 2021. >>Learn more.

It’s Hard to Stay in Recovery as a Teen
Recovery Research Institute


Marijuana worse for teen brains than alcohol, study finds.
NBC News, October 3, 2018
View the full article, published by The American Journal of Psychiatry here.

> The Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction published the Cannabis Communication Guide for Youth Allies.

> How to Talk About Marijuana

> Learn about Motivational Interviewing

> Free Audiobook: How to Talk to Your Kids About Drugs & Alcohol
by Dr. Sharon Levy

Why You Should Talk With Your Child About Alcohol and Other Drugs
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Talk, They Hear You
SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Center for Parent and Teen Communication
Division of Adolescent Medicine at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

Conversation Tips for Every Age
Partnership for Drug-free Kids

How to Explain Addiction to a Child
Tips for Talking to Kids About a Parent’s Drug Addiction

How to Talk to a Child About a Parent’s Addiction
by David Sack, MD for The Huffington Post

> PA Medical Marijuana Program Metrics as of 6/1/2025

Data as of June 1, 2025:

  • Active Patient Certifications: 441,530
  • Approved Practitioners: 1,905
  • Program-to-date patient registrations: 1,053,992
  • Operational Dispensaries:  193
  • MMAP Phase 3 Financial Benefit Given: $1,302,888
  • Operational Grower/Processors: 32

> PA Medical Marijuana Card and Anxiety: What the research says  |  WHYY – January 4, 2024

Following up on the Monday, April 27, 2026 Program

What drives addiction? The answer starts with dopamine, the brain chemical behind motivation, learning, and the powerful pull of substances. Dr. Kevin McCauley is known for making addiction science accessible. In this program, he updates his signature “Periodic Table of the Intoxicants” to reflect today’s drug landscape, including why fentanyl is so much more dangerous than other opioids, how cannabis use can shift from helpful to harmful, and why the enthusiasm around psychedelics in therapy deserves a closer look.

Our special guest, Dr. Kevin McCauley, MD, MPH is a Senior Fellow at Meadows Behavioral Healthcare. He graduated in 1992 from Drexel University School of Medicine and first became interested in the treatment of substance use disorders while serving as a Naval Flight Surgeon. Kevin wrote and directed two films: “Memo to Self” about the concepts of recovery management, and “Pleasure Unwoven” about the neuroscience of addiction which won the 2010 Michael Q. Ford Award for Journalism from the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers.

Guest Presenter:  Kevin McCauley, MD, MPH

cannabis anxiety

Following up on the Wednesday, May 21, 2025 Program

This is a really good time for parents and other caregivers to expand our understanding of cannabis, given the increased use of medical marijuana and questions about what works best for anxious or stressed out kids.
Just as adults may be drinking more to cope with these stressful times, adolescents may be smoking more THC products. Even before the pandemic, adolescent cannabis use was at its highest rate in 30 years.
We discussed healthy and effective ways kids can manage stress and anxiety – today and for a lifetime.

Guest Presenter:  Patrick Dowling, LPC

This program was funded by the School District of Springfield Township.

Following up on the March 25, 2025 Program

Kids are wired to try new things. Whether it’s nicotine, THC (cannabis), or “just” flavoring, the current trend, both nationally and locally, is vaping. Along with other risky behaviors, this is something we need to have a conversation about, as parents and as a community that cares.

This program addressed:
• Ways we can help kids to break away from cultural pressures.
• The teenage brain is built to take risks. How can we encourage smart choices?
• Vaping can involve flavored liquids, nicotine, or THC (cannabis). We discuss the implications of each.
• What are the implications of medical marijuana, and the potential for legalized adult use?

Great Valley School District

This program was funded by the Great Valley School District.

Following up on the Tuesday, February 18, 2025 Program

What was once a relatively simple plant, cannabis has inspired everything from fear to fierce loyalty. We had a conversation about the science of today’s cannabis and its impact on young people’s developing brains. We need to learn all we can about this evolving substance, which bears little resemblance to a plant. This program addresses the effects of increased THC levels, social norms, availability, and the impact on a young, developing brain.

Guest Presenters:  Patrick Dowling, LPC & Allie Behr

This project is made possible through the Bucks County Opioid Settlement Funds.

Funding was also provided by the Chester County Department of Drug & Alcohol Services.

Following up on the November 22, 2024 Program

It’s human nature for young people to seek opportunities to escape life’s stressors and feelings of anxiety. Social pressures, poor sleep patterns, and the onslaught of technology have contributed to a very challenging time for adolescents and young adults. Given the increased use of medical marijuana, we all need to expand our understanding of cannabis and ask important questions about what works best for anxious or stressed out kids.

Just as adults may be drinking more to cope with these stressful times, adolescents may be using more nicotine and THC products. This program addresses healthy and effective ways kids can manage stress and anxiety – today and for a lifetime.

Guest Presenter:  Kara Schwartz, MS

Following up on the June 8, 2024 Program

Pennsylvania’s Medical Marijuana, and the potential for legalized adult-use cannabis, have created increased access and reduced perceptions of harm among young people and their families. Healthcare professionals have also expressed confusion around the potential benefits and harms associated with THC products.

This training provides important scientific evidence and insights from treatment professionals who have encountered the effects of cannabis, with a particular focus on youth.

Guest Presenters: Libby Stuyt, MD, an addiction psychiatrist from IASIC; & Mohammad Sarhan, MD, an addiction medicine physician from Caron Treatment Center.

This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

Following up on the Wednesday, May 22, 2024 Program

Recorded on May 22, 2024, we explored the attitudes and beliefs surrounding cannabis, which are influenced by many factors, including age, socioeconomics, politics, and lived experience. The impact on families has been profound. Young people who use regularly with increasing frequency are stalwart in their belief that cannabis is not only harmless, but the answer to their anxiety, sleeplessness, pain, etc., while their loved ones’ fears and concerns are escalating.

This schism presents communication challenges that are damaging to relationships. We’ll provide tools which will facilitate meaningful conversations between adults and kids, and among friends and family. We’ll also address ways we can speak publicly about cannabis that is equitable, nonjudgmental, and invites respectful dialogue.

Guest Presenter:  Mallory Henry, BS, CPS of Caron Treatment Center

This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

Following up on the Wednesday, May 1, 2024 Program

We were joined by

Dr. Sharon Levy, MD, MPH,

the Chief of the Division of Addiction Medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital to learn about the effects of increased THC potency, social norms, availability, and the impact on a young, developing brain.

This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

Lessons Learned from Colorado with Ben Cort

Following up on the Tuesday, April 30, 2024 Program

We were grateful to have author and national cannabis policy expert, Ben Cort back with us to have a conversation about “Lessons Learned from Colorado.”

Chester County Department of Drug & Alcohol Services

Following up on the April 24, 2024 Program

As leaders in education, we know how much you care about the health and well-being of young people, and the disconcerting trend of vaping substances such as nicotine and cannabis/THC. Access to medical marijuana, illicit substances, and addiction to nicotine are presenting ever-changing challenges to youth, their families, and school personnel. This workshop provides updates about current and potential trends, and explores opportunities for brief interventions, effective alternatives to suspension, and other tools that educators can use to best support young people.

Guest Presenters:  Emily Justice, MA & David Fialko, BS, ICPS, NCTTS

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This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

Following up on the Friday, April 5, 2024 Program

A Program for Pennsylvania Changemakers! This video is intended for… ✓ Elected Officials ✓ Members of Law Enforcement ✓ Community Leaders ✓ All Changemakers As we navigate medical marijuana, and the potential for the legalization of adult use cannabis, it is essential that we mitigate any negative impact of cannabis use on our youth.

Guest Presenter:  Jonathan P. Caulkins, PhD

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This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

Following up on the April 28, 2023 Program

A Program for Pennsylvania Changemakers! This video is intended for… ✓ Elected Officials ✓ Members of Law Enforcement ✓ Community Leaders ✓ All Changemakers As we navigate medical marijuana, and the potential for the legalization of adult use cannabis, it is essential that we mitigate any negative impact of cannabis use on our youth.

Guest Presenter:  Gillian Schauer, PhD, MPH

Dr. Schauer is the Executive Director of the Cannabis Regulators Association (CANNRA). Dr. Schauer is a Senior Consultant to a number of federal and state agencies. Dr. Schauer shared lessons learned and addressed how to identify best practices to safeguard public health, promote equity, and promote regulatory certainty.

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This program was funded by the
Montgomery County Office of Drug & Alcohol.

“Cannabis. Who Knew?”

On October 12, 2021, we had an illuminating conversation about today’s cannabis and its impact on young people.

We were joined by Laura Offutt, MD, FACP, physician and teen health advocate, and Michael Blanche, MSS, LCSW from Ethos Treatment, LLC. We also heard from Andrew, an individual who previously used cannabis.

Here are some helpful recordings and links addressing cannabis.

Brian Jenssen, MD, MSHP and Eric Marsh, MD, PhD on July 15, 2020

Experts in the fields of pediatrics, pediatric neurology and substance use disorders presented their perspectives on the impact of marijuana on the developing adolescent brain.

Dr. Joseph Garbely, DO, DFASAM on July 16, 2020

Dr. Garbely is the Chief Medical Officer at Caron Treatment Centers

“Clearing the Air: Vaping, Nicotine & Marijuana” presentation on June 16, 2020

Featuring David Fialko, BS, ICPS, NCTTS, Certified Prevention Specialist with the Council of Southeast Pennsylvania

Visit our Youth Marijuana Prevention Project (YMPP) Page

A 5-Year Initiative funded by the Montgomery County Office of Drug and Alcohol

Watch Ben’s TEDx talk from November 2017.

Here is the book written by Ben Cort in 2017, Weed, Inc.

Learn about Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome from the DSM-5

See the DSM-5 criteria for Substance Use Disorder (Addiction)

Here is the book that Ben mentioned, Cannabis in Medicine: An Evidence Based Approach. Ben helped to write the recovery and treatment chapter.

Meet Our Presenters

Below are some of the presenters and panelists who have shared their expertise and experience related to cannabis at various programs.

Be a Part of the Conversation programs do not provide behavioral health advice and are for informational purposes only. Our programs are not intended to be a substitute for professional advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health care provider with any questions you may have regarding substance use disorders or related family needs. Never disregard professional advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Be a Part of the Conversation program or video.

Sharon Levy, MD, MPH

Emily Justice, MA

David Fialko, BS, ICPS, NCTTS

Jonathan Caulkins, PhD

Patrick Dowling, LPC

Laura Offutt, MD, FACP

Michael Blanche, MSS, LCSW

🤍 and special thanks to the many individuals in recovery for sharing their personal stories!